What is infertility?

Infertility is defined as an inability to conceive a child despite consistently trying to become pregnant over the course of 12 months. It is a separate disorder from sterility, which is an inability to become pregnant.


Is infertility a medical problem related to woman only?

No. In fact, infertility affects men and women almost equally.



How common is infertility?

About 6.1 million couples in the United States -- or 10 percent of all couples of childbearing age -- experience infertility, according to the National Women's Health Resource Center.



What causes infertility?

There are many different causes of infertility. The two most common causes are ovulation abnormalities in women and sperm deficiencies in men -- such as low sperm production and poor sperm movement (motility). Together, these are responsible for two-thirds of infertility problems according to the NWHRC.

Conditions that can increase the risk of infertility in women include:

• Fallopian tube damage or blockage
• Endometriosis
• Ovulation disorders, including polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
• Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) -- also a concern for male infertility
  

How is infertility diagnosed?

A fertility specialist, an expert with specialized training in the area of infertility, may use a number of tests to diagnose infertility. This typically begins with collecting the medical histories of both partners and a physical examination of the woman's fallopian tubes, cervix and uterus (womb). Blood tests commonly follow to look for hormone imbalances in both partners. Analysis of a man's sperm will also be completed to determine if sperm shape, count or motility (movement) are playing a role.

Depending on the patient, additional testing may be recommended. These may include tests to look for abnormalities in a women's pelvic organs including a hysterosalpingogram (x-ray), hysteroscopy (scope inserted through the vagina) or laparoscopy (surgery). A postcoital test in which the female's cervix is examined for the presence of sperm after intercourse may also be conducted.


How is infertility treated?

In most cases, infertility is treated with either medication or surgery. Just 5 to 10 percent of infertility treatments involve in vitro fertilization or other kinds of assisted reproductive technologies according to the NWHRC.


What is assisted reproductive technology (ART)?

ART is a term used to describe fertility treatments in which the eggs as well as the sperm are handled. These generally involve surgically removing eggs, combining them with sperm in a laboratory, and returning them to the woman's body or the body of a surrogate mother.



Does insurance cover infertility treatment?

Many health insurance providers do not cover infertility treatments. This includes medications and procedures such as ART. However some insurance plans will cover tests to diagnose the causes of infertility, including blood tests, sperm analysis and more. It is a good idea to call your insurance company in advance of any testing to find out what is covered.